domenica 11 dicembre 2011

Consolatio ad Marciam
37, figlia Cremuzio Cordo, storico di Tiberio subito damnatio, consola da perdita del figlio tre anni prima, motivazione = spronare imperatore a ricordare Cordo e perseguire ideale libertas, contenuti convenzionali tempo che fugge morte ineluttabile, finale simil. Somnius Scipionis di Ciceroe, nei campi Elisi, il figlio con il nonno materno che illustra universo, contrappone alla terra e mostra conflagrazione universale
De ira
41, dedicato a fratello Novato, 1,2 aspetti e casistica 3 necessità risoluzione, paragona Caligola, principe folle e Augusto esempio moderazione, divisione despota e buon imperatore
Consolatio ad Helviam Matrem (virtus prevale su fortuna)
41, primo periodo esilio, originalità consolando diventa consolatore, simil. Ovidio elegia triste a Tomi, con funzione consolatoria e funzione di autodifesa (innocente). Esilio non è un male perché legge cosmica mutamento di luogo e saggio autosufficiente, madre riprenda studi filosofici, Seneca si dedica alla contemplazione
Consolatio ad Polybium (fortuna prevale su virtus)
44, Polibio liberto molto influente nella corte di Claudio, gli era morto un fratello, vena adulatoria sia per Polibio che per Claudio, esaltate gesta militari, atteggiamento contraddittorio, adulare un liberto, blandire imperatore, figura del burocrate modello, fides probitas modestia attaccamento dovere dedizione completa, imperatore ideale = grande burocrate, limita l'imperium infinitum, ricerca di un compromesso, antecedenti augustei come Orazio
De brevitate vitae
49, dedicato a Paolino padre di Pompea moglie seneca, è un protrettico, politica contro negotia e concezione sbagliata otium, rimedio = contemplazione filosofica
De vita beata
dedicato a Novato, I PARTE: felicità=virtù il piacere non rende l'uomo autosufficiente vs.Epicuro II PARTE difesa contro la sua ricchezza, diritto di continuare a predicare i suoi principi anche senza metterli in pratica
De otio
62, ded. ad Anneo Sereno, diritto del saggio a non impegnarsi nella vita pubblica e a rifugiarsi nella contemplazione, il saggio deve giovare a rei publicae se no a multus se no a proximus se no a sibi, se autocrate non è buon re o sottomissione o ritiro.
De tranquillitate animi
62, ded. ad Anneo Sereno, rimedi per animo inquieto, moderazione parsimonia impegno, vita politica: filosofia stoica impone partecipazione anche se ostacola equilibrio interiore, funzione attiva dell'aristocratico a fianco del principe, spazio politico
De providentia
62 63, ded. a Lucilio, risposta a domanda su buoni colpiti dai mali: avversità in realtà sono prove per perfezione morale
De constantia sapientis
ded. a Anneo Sereno, impertubabilità del saggio = paradosso storico, invulnerabile, ritratto negativo di Caligola, vendetta colpisce sempre

DE TRANQUILLITATE ANIMI

3. Quanto a ciò verso cui tendi, è qualcosa di grande, di eccelso, di vicino a dio, l'imperturbabilità. Questa
fermezza dell'animo i Greci la chiamano euthimia, sulla quale c'è quel volume egregio di Democrito,
io la chiamo tranquillità; perché non è necessario imitare e trascrivere letteralmente un termine secondo
la forma greca: la stessa cosa a cui si fa riferimento va indicata con una parola, che deve avere
l'efficacia espressiva, non l'aspetto esteriore della dizione greca.
4. Dunque noi ci chiediamo in che modo l'animo possa seguire un percorso sempre uguale e felice ed essere in armonia con se stesso e guardare con gioia a ciò che lo riguarda, non interrompendo questa felicità, ma rimanendo in uno stato di benessere, senza mai esaltarsi o deprimersi: questo sarà la tranquillità. In che modo si possa pervenire ad essa vediamolo in generale: tu prenderai della medicina quanto vorrai.
5. il male intanto va denunciato nel suo intero, e in esso ciascuno potrà riconoscere l'aspetto che lo riguarda; subito capirai quanto minor imbarazzo provi tu con il disprezzo di te stesso, rispetto a coloro che, legati a
una professione di immagine e affaticati dal peso del loro alto prestigio, sono costretti a recitare una parte
più per un punto d'onore che per convinzione.
6. Tutti si trovano nella stessa condizione, sia coloro che
sono tormentati dall'incostanza, dall'ansia e dal continuo mutamento dei propositi, ai quali sempre piace
di più ciò che hanno lasciato, sia quelli che marciscono tra gli sbadigli.
Aggiungi quelli che, non diversamente da chi ha il sonno difficile, si rigirano e assumono ora questa ora
quella posizione finché non trovano pace per stanchezza: cambiando continuamente stile di vita da ultimo
si fermano in quello in cui li sorprende non il fastidio dei cambiamenti ma la vecchiaia poco propensa
alle novità. Aggiungi anche coloro che sono poco flessibili non per coerenza, ma per inerzia, e
vivono non come vogliono, ma come hanno cominciato.
7. Innumerevoli, quindi, sono le caratteristiche, ma
una sola la conseguenza del male, l'essere scontenti di sé. Ciò dipende dall'incostanza dell'animo e da
aspirazioni deboli o poco felici, quando, cioè, gli uomini o non hanno un'audacia pari ai loro desideri o
non li realizzano e sono tutti appesi alla speranza; sono sempre instabili e volubili, cosa che inevitabilmente
accade agli indecisi.
Tendono con ogni mezzo all'oggetto dei loro desideri, si addestrano in cose disoneste e complicate e
vi si sottomettono, e quando la loro fatica non ottiene i risultati sperati, li tormenta un'inutile vergogna, e
si addolorano non per aver voluto il male, ma per averlo voluto inutilmente.
8. Li prende allora il pentimento di quello che hanno fatto e il timore di ricominciare e s'insinua in loro quell'irrequietezza senza speranza, poiché non sono in grado né di dominare le proprie passioni né di abbandonarvisi, l'incertezza di una vita che non riesce a realizzarsi e l'inerzia di uno spirito che s'intorpidisce tra desideri frustrati.
9. E tutto ciò si aggrava ulteriormente quando, non riuscendo più a tollerare questa infelicità affannosa, si rifugiano nel riposo, nella solitudine degli studi, condizione insopportabile per un animo teso all'impegno
civile, desideroso di agire e naturalmente irrequieto, che, ovviamente, trova scarso conforto in se stesso;
perciò, tolte le distrazioni che gli impegni di per sé offrono a chi corre da tutte le parti, non sopporta
casa, solitudine, pareti, e mal si rassegna a vedersi abbandonato a se stesso.
10. Di qui quella noia e quell'insofferenza di sé, e l'irrequietezza dell'animo che non trova pace in nessun
posto, e la triste e angosciosa sopportazione della propria inattività, soprattutto quando si ha ritegno ad
ammetterne i motivi e il pudore ricaccia dentro il tormento, mentre le passioni, confinate in una angusta
prigione, senza sbocchi, si soffocano a vicenda; di qui la tristezza, la depressione e i mille ondeggiamenti
dell'animo incerto, che la speranza accarezzata tiene sospeso, la frustrazione rende triste; di qui
l'atteggiamento di quanti detestano il proprio riposo e si lamentano di non aver nulla da fare; di qui, anche,
l'invidia feroce per i successi altrui. Perché l'inattività insoddisfatta nutre il livore e, non avendo potuto
farsi avanti loro, desiderano la rovina di tutti; quindi, 11. per questa rabbia dei successi altrui e per la
sfiducia riguardo ai propri, l'animo si adira contro la sorte e si lamenta dei tempi in cui vive ritirandosi
negli angoli a rimuginare sulla propria pena, mentre prova fastidio e vergogna di sé.
Infatti l'animo umano è per natura attivo e portato al movimento. Gli è gradita ogni occasione di muoversi
e distrarsi, e ancor più gradita a quei pessimi soggetti che volentieri si lasciano logorare dalle occupazioni;
come certe ferite cercano le mani che recheranno loro dolore e godono d'essere toccate, e come
la scabbia ripugnante trova sollievo in tutto ciò che la irrita (il grattare dà sollievo alla scabbia deturpante),
non diversamente direi che per questi caratteri, in cui le passioni esplodono come ferite dolorose,
lo sconvolgimento e l'agitazione sono fonti di piacere.

DE VITA BEATA

1 I filosofi non offrono ciò che promettono. Offrono comunque molto per il fatto che parlano, perché coltivano pensieri buoni. E certo, se facessero anche le cose equivalenti alle loro parole: che cosa ci sarebbe di più felice di quelli? Intanto, non c'è altro motivo di disprezzare le parole buone e i cuori pieni di buone riflessioni: bisogna elogiare la trattazione di argomenti utili a prescindere dal risultato. 2 Che c'è di strano, se non arrivano in cima dopo aver iniziato una via difficile. Ma, se sei un uomo vero, guarda con rispetto coloro che tentano grandi imprese, anche se cadono giù. E' un'impresa grande sforzarsi, guardando non alle proprie forze ma a quelle della propria natura di cercare di raggiungere le vette e di concepire col pensiero mete più grandi di quelle che possono essere compiute anche da coloro che sono forniti di un animo grandissimo.

DE IRA

I,1 O Novato, hai voluto a tutti i costi che io trattassi del rimedio all'ira e, in effetti, mi pare che tu abbia decisamente temuto questa passione, ch'è - fra tutte - la più ripugnante e la più sfrenata.
Nelle altre, infatti, si mantiene comunque una certa temperanza; mentre questa, invece, è tutta un fuoco e brucia nel tormento furioso dello sdegno e del rancore, folle d'un delirio disumano di armi sangue supplizi, decisa a nuocere agli altri mentre di sé non si cura: con veemenza si espone impavida perfino alle armi, bramosa di una vendetta che pur trascinerà con sé il vendicatore.
I,2 Per tal motivo, certuni sapienti han definito l'ira una pazzia rapsodica; e infatti, allo stesso tempo, essa non è padrona di sé, mette da parte il decoro, trascura i rapporti sociali, testardamente presa e coinvolta verso ciò che ha cominciato, refrattaria al buon senso e ai buoni propositi, resa inquieta da futili motivi, incapace di discernere ciò ch'è giusto e ciò ch'è vero, in tutto simile alle macerie, che rovinano su ciò che hanno già travolto.
I,3 Allora, affinché ti sia chiaro che quelli invasati dall'ira non sono affatto individui normali, osserva già, di per sé, il loro aspetto; come, infatti, uno sguardo sfrontato e minaccioso, una fronte aggrottata, un volto truce, un andamento sconnesso, uno smanacciare frenetico, un colorito alterato, un respiro affannoso e veloce son sintomi manifesti di pazzia, così, praticamente identici, si delineano i sintomi dell'ira:
I,4 occhi accesi e strabuzzati, rossore diffuso per tutto il volto - per via del sangue che affluisce dal fondo dei precordi, labbra che fremono, denti che digrignano, capelli che si levano ritti, respiro forzato ed ansimante, stridente dinoccolarsi di articolazioni, gemiti sommessi e tenebrosi, una loquela precipitosa e sconclusionata, mani che non stan ferme un momento e piedi che scalpitano: insomma, tutto il corpo è un sol fremito, minacciosamente proteso ad esplodere nell'ira. E', dunque, orribile e pauroso a vedersi l'aspetto di coloro che l'ira rende alterati e deformi.
I,5 Non sapresti deciderti se definirla - l'ira - un difetto detestabile, o piuttosto brutto. Gli altri difetti c'è modo di dissimularli e di nutrirli nell'intimo; l'ira, invece, trapela e si manifesta in volto, e quanto più è grande, tanto più s'accende.

domenica 6 novembre 2011

Plot Summary
Nick Carraway grew up in the Midwestern United States and went to school at Yale University. After this, he was stationed in France during World War I. Returning home after travelling a great deal, he is discontent and decides to move to the East at the beginning of the Summer of 1922, renting a ramshackle house in Long Island's West Egg section. He begins working in nearby New York City as a bondsman and it is here that his story begins.

Jay Gatsby is a wealthy neighbor living next door in a lavish mansion where he holds many extravagant weekend parties. His name is mentioned while Nick is visiting a relative, Daisy, living in the East Egg section on the other side of Long Island with her millionaire husband, Tom Buchanan. As it turns out, Jay Gatsby had met Daisy five years before while in the military and was rejected by her due to his lack of wealth and because he had been sent so far away in Europe for the war. Daisy was attracted by Tom's riches and his distinguished family background and married him. Meanwhile Gatsby spent all of his effort after the war to buy his mansion through shady business dealings in order to be nearer to Daisy in the hope that she would leave Tom for him. Nick is chosen to be the "matchmaker" and arranges a reunion for the two at his home. Daisy is impressed by Gatsby's wealth and the two begin spending much time together, raising the suspicions of Tom who had also upset Daisy by carrying on an affair with a gas station owner's wife, Myrtle Wilson. Jay no longer holds his weekend parties since Daisy hadn't liked them and he allows her desires to control his actions. Nick distances himself from this mess by becoming close to Jordan Baker, a long time friend of Daisy.
While in a New York City hotel room one evening late in the summer with Jordan, Nick, Daisy, Tom, and Gatsby, there is a massive confrontation during which Tom exposes Gatsby's corrupt business dealings. Jay and Daisy leave to drive back to Long Island together with her driving Gatsby's car "to calm her down" until she accidentally hits and kills Tom's mistress running out in front of the gas station after her own jealous husband had locked her inside. The car doesn't stop after the accident and speeds on towards Long Island. Gatsby's charm has faded with his exposed corruption while Tom refocuses on Daisy since his mistress has been killed, assuming Gatsby to have been the car's driver. Nick is disgusted by this entire mess of love affairs and even ignores Jordan, worried about Gatsby since he continues to yearn for Daisy even though it is clear that he has failed. While Nick goes off to work in New York City the next day, the dead woman's vengeful husband, assuming Gatsby to have been driving his car that night and told that it had been Gatsby's car by a vengeful Tom Buchanan, shoots Gatsby to death in his own swimming pool and then kills himself.
Gatsby's funeral has few in attendance aside from Carraway and Jay's father who has come all the way from the Midwest where Jay grew up. Disgusted that so few had come, including Tom and Daisy who had abruptly moved away, and the hundreds who had attended Gatsby's parties, Nick distances himself from Jordan for good. Finally, tired of this gross scene of wealth and pettiness , he moves back home to the Midwest. His fond memories of the East remain only of Gatsby, and it is for him that this story is told.
Themes, Motifs & Symbols
Themes
Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
The Decline of the American Dream in the 1920s
On the surface, The Great Gatsby is a story of the thwarted love between a man and a woman. The main theme of the novel, however, encompasses a much larger, less romantic scope. Though all of its action takes place over a mere few months during the summer of 1922 and is set in a circumscribed geographical area in the vicinity of Long Island, New York, The Great Gatsby is a highly symbolic meditation on 1920s America as a whole, in particular the disintegration of the American dream in an era of unprecedented prosperity and material excess.
Fitzgerald portrays the 1920s as an era of decayed social and moral values, evidenced in its overarching cynicism, greed, and empty pursuit of pleasure. The reckless jubilance that led to decadent parties and wild jazz music—epitomized in The Great Gatsby by the opulent parties that Gatsby throws every Saturday night—resulted ultimately in the corruption of the American dream, as the unrestrained desire for money and pleasure surpassed more noble goals. When World War I ended in 1918, the generation of young Americans who had fought the war became intensely disillusioned, as the brutal carnage that they had just faced made the Victorian social morality of early-twentieth-century America seem like stuffy, empty hypocrisy. The dizzying rise of the stock market in the aftermath of the war led to a sudden, sustained increase in the national wealth and a newfound materialism, as people began to spend and consume at unprecedented levels. A person from any social background could, potentially, make a fortune, but the American aristocracy—families with old wealth—scorned the newly rich industrialists and speculators. Additionally, the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, which banned the sale of alcohol, created a thriving underworld designed to satisfy the massive demand for bootleg liquor among rich and poor alike.
Fitzgerald positions the characters of The Great Gatsby as emblems of these social trends. Nick and Gatsby, both of whom fought in World War I, exhibit the newfound cosmopolitanism and cynicism that resulted from the war. The various social climbers and ambitious speculators who attend Gatsby’s parties evidence the greedy scramble for wealth. The clash between “old money” and “new money” manifests itself in the novel’s symbolic geography: East Egg represents the established aristocracy, West Egg the self-made rich. Meyer Wolfshiem and Gatsby’s fortune symbolize the rise of organized crime and bootlegging.
As Fitzgerald saw it (and as Nick explains in Chapter 9), the American dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness. In the 1920s depicted in the novel, however, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted this dream, especially on the East Coast. The main plotline of the novel reflects this assessment, as Gatsby’s dream of loving Daisy is ruined by the difference in their respective social statuses, his resorting to crime to make enough money to impress her, and the rampant materialism that characterizes her lifestyle. Additionally, places and objects in The Great Gatsby have meaning only because characters instill them with meaning: the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg best exemplify this idea. In Nick’s mind, the ability to create meaningful symbols constitutes a central component of the American dream, as early Americans invested their new nation with their own ideals and values.
Nick compares the green bulk of America rising from the ocean to the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock. Just as Americans have given America meaning through their dreams for their own lives, Gatsby instills Daisy with a kind of idealized perfection that she neither deserves nor possesses. Gatsby’s dream is ruined by the unworthiness of its object, just as the American dream in the 1920s is ruined by the unworthiness of its object—money and pleasure. Like 1920s Americans in general, fruitlessly seeking a bygone era in which their dreams had value, Gatsby longs to re-create a vanished past—his time in Louisville with Daisy—but is incapable of doing so. When his dream crumbles, all that is left for Gatsby to do is die; all Nick can do is move back to Minnesota, where American values have not decayed.
The Hollowness of the Upper Class
One of the major topics explored in The Great Gatsby is the sociology of wealth, specifically, how the newly minted millionaires of the 1920s differ from and relate to the old aristocracy of the country’s richest families. In the novel, West Egg and its denizens represent the newly rich, while East Egg and its denizens, especially Daisy and Tom, represent the old aristocracy. Fitzgerald portrays the newly rich as being vulgar, gaudy, ostentatious, and lacking in social graces and taste. Gatsby, for example, lives in a monstrously ornate mansion, wears a pink suit, drives a Rolls-Royce, and does not pick up on subtle social signals, such as the insincerity of the Sloanes’ invitation to lunch. In contrast, the old aristocracy possesses grace, taste, subtlety, and elegance, epitomized by the Buchanans’ tasteful home and the flowing white dresses of Daisy and Jordan Baker.

What the old aristocracy possesses in taste, however, it seems to lack in heart, as the East Eggers prove themselves careless, inconsiderate bullies who are so used to money’s ability to ease their minds that they never worry about hurting others. The Buchanans exemplify this stereotype when, at the end of the novel, they simply move to a new house far away rather than condescend to attend Gatsby’s funeral. Gatsby, on the other hand, whose recent wealth derives from criminal activity, has a sincere and loyal heart, remaining outside Daisy’s window until four in the morning in Chapter 7 simply to make sure that Tom does not hurt her. Ironically, Gatsby’s good qualities (loyalty and love) lead to his death, as he takes the blame for killing Myrtle rather than letting Daisy be punished, and the Buchanans’ bad qualities (fickleness and selfishness) allow them to remove themselves from the tragedy not only physically but psychologically.
Motifs
Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, and literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.
Geography
Throughout the novel, places and settings epitomize the various aspects of the 1920s American society that Fitzgerald depicts. East Egg represents the old aristocracy, West Egg the newly rich, the valley of ashes the moral and social decay of America, and New York City the uninhibited, amoral quest for money and pleasure. Additionally, the East is connected to the moral decay and social cynicism of New York, while the West (including Midwestern and northern areas such as Minnesota) is connected to more traditional social values and ideals. Nick’s analysis in Chapter 9 of the story he has related reveals his sensitivity to this dichotomy: though it is set in the East, the story is really one of the West, as it tells how people originally from west of the Appalachians (as all of the main characters are) react to the pace and style of life on the East Coast.
Weather
As in much of Shakespeare’s work, the weather in The Great Gatsby unfailingly matches the emotional and narrative tone of the story. Gatsby and Daisy’s reunion begins amid a pouring rain, proving awkward and melancholy; their love reawakens just as the sun begins to come out. Gatsby’s climactic confrontation with Tom occurs on the hottest day of the summer, under the scorching sun (like the fatal encounter between Mercutio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet). Wilson kills Gatsby on the first day of autumn, as Gatsby floats in his pool despite a palpable chill in the air—a symbolic attempt to stop time and restore his relationship with Daisy to the way it was five years before, in 1917.
Symbols
Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.
The Green Light
Situated at the end of Daisy’s East Egg dock and barely visible from Gatsby’s West Egg lawn, the green light represents Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Gatsby associates it with Daisy, and in Chapter 1 he reaches toward it in the darkness as a guiding light to lead him to his goal. Because Gatsby’s quest for Daisy is broadly associated with the American dream, the green light also symbolizes that more generalized ideal. In Chapter 9, Nick compares the green light to how America, rising out of the ocean, must have looked to early settlers of the new nation.
The Valley of Ashes
First introduced in Chapter 2, the valley of ashes between West Egg and New York City consists of a long stretch of desolate land created by the dumping of industrial ashes. It represents the moral and social decay that results from the uninhibited pursuit of wealth, as the rich indulge themselves with regard for nothing but their own pleasure. The valley of ashes also symbolizes the plight of the poor, like George Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their vitality as a result.
The Eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg
The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are a pair of fading, bespectacled eyes painted on an old advertising billboard over the valley of ashes. They may represent God staring down upon and judging American society as a moral wasteland, though the novel never makes this point explicitly. Instead, throughout the novel, Fitzgerald suggests that symbols only have meaning because characters instill them with meaning. The connection between the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg and God exists only in George Wilson’s grief-stricken mind. This lack of concrete significance contributes to the unsettling nature of the image. Thus, the eyes also come to represent the essential meaninglessness of the world and the arbitrariness of the mental process by which people invest objects with meaning. Nick explores these ideas in Chapter 8, when he imagines Gatsby’s final thoughts as a depressed consideration of the emptiness of symbols and dreams
Biography
Association with man from higher social backgrounds = observe structure of American society
Fitzgerald left Priceton University without a degree and joined the Army but he never served overseas. At Camp Sheridan he fell in love with Zelda Sayre that didn’t want to marry him because of his poor background. When he had success because of his book This Side of Paradise, he became popular and married Zelda. During the 1920’s they had a glamorous lifestyle spending a lot of money and they lived in NY, Washington, Hollywood and travelled abroad. They had an only child, Frances Scott. But they were always in debt. Fitzgerald then published The Beautiful and the Damned, where he wanted to express a moral vision. In 1954 they went to Europe where, in 1925 The Great Gatsby was published. The popularity of Fitzgerald declined. In Paris they met Hemingway and other members of the American expatriate community. Zelda became very frustrated by the lack of accomplishments in her life and decided to achieve some independent self-expression. Fitzgerald began to drink more and write less. In 1930 Zelda was recovered in Switzerland because she had schizophrenia. In 1931 they returned to the United States to recover Zelda. In 1947 Zelda died. Fitzgerald published Tender is the Night. In 1935 he had a physical and spiritual crisis. Then he signed a contract as a scriptwriter for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and moved to Hollywood where he began a sentimental relationship with Sheilah Graham and he started The Last Tycoon. He died of a heart attack at the age of 44.

The Jazz Age
Between the end of the first world war in 1918 and the great crash on wall street in 1929. Period characterized by the changes in the way people thought, felt and behaved. The young were in revolt against the “Puritanism” a repression and an adherence to gender roles. They experienced a new freedom, which gave rise to a type know as “the flapper” a typical young girl who cut her hair short, abandoned corsets, wore short dresses and did the Charleston. The automobile changed the world in assembly line method, alteration of the landscape because of the building of roads and greater mobility. The rise of mass media brought the radio in nearly every family, brought movie stars on the cultural scene, encouraged the development of magazines. The government encouraged economic expansion and the natural income rose by 50%. However, if business people were advantaged, people from mining towns and farmers were disadvantaged. Racist movements born in this period, like the “Red Scare” in Russia or the Ku Klux Klan in America. Prohibition of liquor was introduced, and as a consequence it begun a new life style of illegal drinking with criminal organizations.
In literature, a lot of American writers moved to Europe because they felt alienated from American society, and most chose to live in Paris. Fitzgerald had a dual vision of the romantic and the moralist and chronicle the malaise and the exuberance of the decade.

The American Dream
Is the belief in the possibility of starting over again, of escaping from the past and inventing a better future. On socio-political level is the opportunity for all (Jefferson, agrarian civilization). Economically exalts the self-made man, like Benjamin Franklin. In spiritual terms, is the expression of the basic human desire to transcend the limitations of one’s life and achieve happiness and fulfillment. In 1920 the American dream is only the pursuit of material success. People live in a world of materialism where objects are more important than morality and have no culture or religion by which order their lives. Ex. the parties at Gatsby’s mansion.

The Design of The Great Gatsby
Aesthetic principles: economy of expression and clarity of design. His success is determined by the use of a modernist point of view, more subjective and limited. There are two Nick Carraway in the novel: the storyteller that is retrospective, and the protagonist. He also rejects a strictly chronological ordering of time. The book is structured as a series of scenes. He created a unique style, paying attention to shape and sound of his sentences: the result is a blend of three kinds of language, quoted speech and dialogue, a polished vernacular, and Nick’s literary personal style.

Differences between movie and book
In the movie Nick is not the narrator nor does it say that he is. In Gatsby's phone call the first one Detroit wasn't mentioned as the small town that Philadelphia mentioned. When Nick was offered a job be Gatsby he didn't say anything about it ruining his life that it would be the crisis of his life. In the movie Gatsby comes through the back door not the front. Its says that's Gatsby and Daisy haven't seen each other in 8 years next November and in the book it is 5 years next December. The eight year difference also changed the age of the characters, making them older than they are in the book.
The plot and the setting of book and movie are very similar.   There was a lot of thins borrowed from the book, but there was a lot changed as well.   The movie followed the plot of book very closely and portrayed the setting of the book very well. A lot of the dialogue was borrowed and spoken directly as it was in the book.    The party scene of where Nick met Gatsby for the first time was drastically different in the movie than it was in the book.   In the book, Nick and Gatsby were talking about the war and Nick did not know that he was talking to Gatsby. In the movie, Gatsby summoned Nick up to his study and they had a very awkward conversation.  

Jordan Baker -  She is Daisy Buchanan's long-time friend, a professional golfer with a slightly shady reputation. She’s a woman with whom Nick becomes romantically involved during the course of the novel. A competitive golfer, Jordan represents one of the “new women” of the 1920s—cynical, boyish, and self-centered. Jordan is beautiful, but also dishonest: she cheated in order to win her first golf tournament and continually bends the truth. She has been born with money and has lived in a culture full of money and has been spoiled by it. She is surrounded by people like the Buchanans who perpetuate her indulgent behavior. This can be observed in the scene where she and Nick are driving in the city and calls her a careless driver. She says she doesn't worry because the other people on the road aren't as careless as her and that she makes sure she surrounds herself with people who won't "crash" into her. It can be seen that Jordan has no concept of accountability and that has been furthered by the people who allow her to go unaccountable.